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**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:27 PM

worddeki şemalarım burada görünmeyecektir ama idare ediceksiniz artık... gülücük

TENSES(ZAMANLAR)

1- THE PRESENT PROGRASSİVE TENSE

Am,is,are +V-ing
I am going to now.
Zaman Zarfları
Now
Currently
at the moment
at present
for the time being(şuanda)
still(Özneden sonra gelir)
continuously
nowadays(bugünlerde)

NON-PROGRASSİVE VERBS

Kural: Şimdiki Zamanı Olmayan Fiiller Geniş zaman olarak şimdiki zaman anlamında kullanılırlar. Bu fiiller -ing eki almazlar.

Know .....................................Tanımak(uzun süreli)
Realize...................................Kavramak, uygulamak
Understand............................Anlamak
Recognize..............................Tanımak(kısa süreli)
Believe...................................İnanmak
Suppose..................................Farzetmek
Think......................................Sanmak
İmagine...................................Hayal etmek
Doubt......................................Şüphe etmek
Remember..............................Hatırlamak
Forget.....................................Unutmak
Want.......................................İstemek
Need.......................................İhtiyacı olmak
Prefer.....................................Tercih etmek
Mean......................................Kastetmek, anlamına gelmek, istemek
Love
LikeXdislike
Apricate..................................Takdir etmek, kıymet bilmek.
Hate
Fear.........................................Korkmak
Envy........................................Kıskanmak, gıpta etmek.
Mind........................................Sakıncası olmak, önemsemek
Care..........................................Önemsemek, sevmek.

Have
Possess Sahip olmak
Own
Belong

Taste
Smell
Hear bu fiiller can ve geniş zamanla kullanılır
See

Seem
Look görünmek
Appear

Cost...................Mal olmak
Owe...................Borcu olmak
Weigh................Tartmak, ağırlık
Be
Exist..................Var olmak
Consist of..........Den oluşmak
Contain..............İçermek
İnclude...............Dahil olmak

İf you don’t mind: Zahmet olmazsa
Kural: Think, have, taste, smell, see, look, appear, weigh, be gibi kelimeler fiil olarak kullanıldığında şimdiki zaman eki alırlar.
-I think he is a kind man
-I am thinking about this grammer
-He has a car
-She is having a good time
-This food tastes good
-The chef is tasting the sauce
-These flowers smell good
-Don is smelling the roses
-The presedent is having dinner now
-I see a butterfly.
-The doctor is seeing a patient(bakmak; muayene etmek)
-She looks cold
-I am looking out of window
-He appears to be asleep
-The actor is appearing on the stage
-A piano is weigh a lot
-The grocer is weighing the bananas
-Bob is foolish(Bob sürekli aptal)
-Bob is being foolishing(Konuşma aninda aptallik yapiyor.

NOT: Look! İt’s coming (Ünlemlerden sonra şimdiki zaman kullanılır)
-listen! İt’s raining
-Shy! The baby is crying

2- THE PRESENT SİMPLE TENSE

S+Vı(he, she, it......Vı-es)
-I go
-You go
-He goes
-Does he go?

Kural: S+ do-does+Vı Yanlış değil. Aksine vurgulu anlatımdır.
S + don’t Vı
S+ doesn’t Vı

Zaman Zarfları
Always
Usually
Generally
Often
very often
quite often
Frequently
Sometimes
Occasionally
Rarely
seldom
hardly ever (hemen hemen hiç)
never (olumlu)
ever (olumsuz veya soru)
From time to time(zaman zaman...başa ya da sona gelir.)
On mordays
On monday(Geçmiş veya gelecek zaman olabilir)

Kural: Bu zaman zarfları “To Be” den sonra diğer fiillerden önce gelir.
-He is usually......
Examp:
She Complains that she ________________headaches
a) Has Frequently b) Has had Frequently c) Frequently has d) Have frequently
-She sometimes visits me
-She visits me from time to time

On monday------Geçmiş zaman da olabilir gelecek zaman da.
On mondays-----Geniş zaman olur. Genellik anlamı katar.
At the weekends

-How often do you have a haircut?
Once
Twice
Theree times
Every day
Every week
Every year
One every twenty year: 20 yılda bir.
A typical man.......Tipik insan
On avarage...........Genel ortalama

3-THE SİMPLE PAST

-S+ V2 ( Regular İrreguler )
love-loved see-saw
stop-stoped cost-cost(mal olmak)
study-studied go- went
play-played come-came

-S+ did+Vı (Vurgulu anlatım)

-Did+S+Vı

- İs Was
-Are Were

Zaman Zarfları
Yesterday
last night
last week
last month
last year
two weeks ago
in 1995
when I was child
when I was a puppy
when I was at high school
when I was İn İzmir
during word war I..
Ago
Last
Later:simple future

-When did you last (fiilden önce gelir) + Vı
-When did you last see a film?
-I last saw one last week
Little did +S+ Vı(Devrik Cümle)
-Little did she realize that.......(Anlamadı)

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:29 PM

IT IS TİME & IT WAS TIME KALIBI

-İt is time(Zamanıdır, zamanı geldi)
-İt is probably time
-İt is about time
-İt is probably about time

-İt is high time(Zamanı geldi de geçiyor)
-İt is probablay high time
-İt is about high time
-İt is probably about high time

-İt is time she starded(V2)

-İt was time
probably time S + HAD + V3 (PAST PERFECT)
high time

-İt is the first time
second time
third time S + HAVE-HAS + V3(PRESENT PERFECT)
fourth time

-İt was the first time + Past Perfect
-it was the second time + “

NOT: Bu tip sorularda öncelikle “is” mi yoksa “was” mı olduğuna bakılır. Eğer was varsa direkt Past Perfect(had v3) işaretlenmeli. İs varsa sayıya bakılır. Sayı varsa Peresent Perfect(have-has+ v3), sayı yoksa Simple Past işaretlenmeli.

Examp:
-it is the first time I------------------------of anything like that.
a) had heard b) have heard c)hear d) am hearing
*İt is time we said good bye

to each other
*it was probably about high time she had done it

S + ‘D RATHER(WOULD RATHER) KALIBI

S+ ‘d rather(would rather)........Tercih etmek
- S + ‘d rather+ Vı......................Present/Future
- S + ‘d rather+ have+V3..........Past
- S + ‘d rather +S +V2...............Present /future(anlam olarak)
- S + ‘d rather +S +had+ V3.......Past

Examp:
-He smokes but I’d rather he.........................
a) don’t b)didn’t c) hasn’t d) hadn’t e) wouldn’t

Examp:
-She wants us to meet at the cafeteria, but I’d rather
we.....................here
a) meet b)will meet c) met d) had e) had met

Examp:
-We met at the cafeteria as she wanted, I’d rather
we ....................here
a) meet b) would meet c) met d) had met

NOT: Would rather’dan sonra özne yoksa ve geçmişse iki numara, future ve present ise bir numara; özne varsa üç ve dört numara geçerlidir.

- We went to the opera yesterday, but I’d rather have stayed at home and watched the match.
-I have to go now, but I’d rather stay
-He wants to go now, but I’d rather he didn’t heave

İf you don’t mind: Zahmet olmazsa
İt seems that: gibi görünüyor
Do you mind(would you mind): sakıncası var mı

SİNCE.... (DEN BERİ KALIBI)

Since +Simple Past + Present Perfect (prograssive)

Bu cümlelerin yerleri değişebilir.

-I have been stadying since I came

-Since she starded it has been bottering
-I have known her since I moved to İstanbul

Examp:
-Since calculators were first introduced , they .................................
to be useful tools for people weak in mathematics.
a) proved b) have proved c) will prove d) are proving

Examp
-Since the day he was ill he has done a lot of reading.
a)was/had done b) is/has done c) was/ has done d) is/has been done

Examp:
-We spent hours talking about what we had been doing

4- THE PAST PROGRASSİVE TENSE
(PAST CONTINUOUS)

Was-Were + Ving
Kural: Bu zaman tek başina kullanilmaz. Bunun iki istisnasi vardir.
-At the time
-Wear ile kullanıldığında tek başına kullanılabilir.

Examp:
-Most of the people were sleeping at the time

-What was he wearing?
Examp:
I am afraid I didn’t hear the door bell when you rang. I was working in the garden at the time.

THE PAST PROGRASSİVE’E KARŞIN
THE SİMPLE PAST

1- İnterruption: Bir olayı kesme, bölme.
I was watching tv when the phone rang
Main Clause Time Clause(Kesen)

Complex Sentence
Examp:
-The teacher was taking attendance when I arrived
a) was taken b) was taking c) has taken d) were taking

2- Geçmişte iki olay üstüste ya da aradan önemli bir zaman geçmeden meydana geldiyse;
Bu durumda Time Clause Simple Past ise
Main Clause ‘da simple past olur.

After
When
(as soon as= immediately=right away= at once= hemen, derhal)
_Urguntly: Acilen

-After I watched tv, I went to bed
-Before I went to bed, I watched tv.

Examp:
He watched tv before he went to bed
a) has been watching b) was watching c) watched d) has watched

3-Two Continuous Actions(İki olay aynı anda devam ediyorsa..eş zamanlı)
-While I was watching tv my mother was cooking

4-Sudden action or continuous action( olay ani ya da devam ediyor)
-The teacher walked in the class when student were fighting.
-When I saw the teacher, he was working in the park.

While= as=just as (iken)

5- THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

have-has+ V3
a) Present Perfect ile experience(tecrübeler) anlatılır
-Have you ever been ridden a horse?

-Yes, once
twice
a couple of time
several times (bazı zamanlar)
many times (Birçok zamanlar)
-No, never

-I have been to England before (go-went-been)
-I have been in England( be-been-Be’nin üçüncü hali)
-When he was a young man, he had experience a lot.

b) News- Haberlerin etkisi devam ettiği için bu zamanla anlatılır.
-A plane has croshed

c) Hayatımızdaki değişiklikler(changes)
-I have bought a new car

d) Superlative(sıfatların en üst derecesi) ile present perfect kullanılır.
-She is the most beautiful girl that I have(ever) seen

Zaman zarfları
So far= till now= up till now= un uptill now= uptill now=şu ana kadar.
-I have taken three tests so far (Şu ana kadar)
-During the last few years(Present perfect veya past perfect ile kullanılır.)
-İn the past last decades(son on yıllarda)
-İn the past recent week(Son haftalarda)
-İn the past recent days(Son günlerd
*recently, lately(Geçenlerde, son zamanlarda.
*.......................Since. (Since cümle sonundaysa sadece peresent perfect
olur.

past perfect

*.......................before (. ?)

present perfect

Kural:Today, this week, this month, this year. Bu ifadeler ya gelecek zamandır ya da present perfect. This morning farklıdır. Eğer konuşma anında hala sabahsa Present Perfect; Sabah bitmişse yani Öğleden sonra konuşuluyorsa Simple Past kullanılır.

-I have has breakfast this morning(Öğleden önce)
-I had breakfast this morning(öğleden sonra söylenmiş)

Examp:
-During this year we have seen many advances in computer science.
a)had seen b)have seen c)saw d)are seeing

*Ever, never, always
-I have never liked small towns.(Küçük şehirleri hiç sevmemişimdir)
-I have always liked İstanbul(İstanbul’u hep sevmişimdir)
-Have you ever been to Japan? (Japonya’ya hiç gittin mi?)
-Never have I liked small towns (Devrik cümle.Sevmemişimdir hiç küçük şehirleri.)

*just, already, yet
-I have just had breakfast
-Have you had breakfast yet(Olumsuz cümlede ve soruda kullanılır.)
-I have already had lunch
Cabable of: yetkin

6-THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRASSİVE
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Have-has been Ving

-How long
-For
-Since
-All(bütün) morning
-All day + Progressive Verbs(şimdiki zamanı varsa)
-All week
-All month
-All year

-How long
-For
-Since + Non-progressive(fiilin şimdiki zamanı yoksa
-All present perfect kullanılır.

NOT: Work, stay, teach, live fiiller her iki zamanda da kullanılır.

-I have known(non-progressive) her for years

-How long have you had that hotel

-She has been living in İstanbul since 1955
-She has lived in İstanbul since 1955
-She has been watching tv. all day
-No wonder Mary is cross with you.
-You haven’t written to her for quite a long time.
-He has called me twice since he went to England.
-Eray has been working hard for the last three days
-When the war broke out, Mary had been living in Berlin for six years.

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:34 PM

7-THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
Had + V3
-He is a hungry. He hasn’t had anything yet.
-He was a hungry. He hadn’t had anything yet.

Zaman sıralaması
Geçmişte meydana gelen iki olaydan biri digerinden çok daha önce ya da önemli bir zaman daha önce oldu ise;
-Daha önce olan olay= Past Perfect
-Daha sonra olan olay= Simple Past

-I collected my driving licence in 1984. I bought a car in 1990.
Past perfect Simple Past

When
After
As soon as + Past Perfect + Simple Past
Once

Before + Simple past + Past Perfect

-When I had collected my driving liceince, I bought a car

-Before I bought a car, I had collected my driving liceince

* By The Time + Simple Past + Past Perfect
By the time: Yapıncaya kadar

• Simple past By then past perfect
By then: O zamana kadar
-The firemen came at six o’clock by then
most of the building had burnt down

• S+ had + No sooner + V3 Than S V2

• No sooner + had + SV3 +than + SV2 (Devrik Cümle)

• S+ had+ barely + V3 When SV2
hardly
Scarly

• Hardly
Barely + had +SV3 +When +SV2
Scarly

-No sooner had I left home than the phone rang
(Tam evden çıkmıştım ki-geri dönüş yok- telefon çaldı.

-I was about to leave home than the phone rang
(Telefon çaldığında evden çıkmak üzereydim-geri dönülebilir)

-I was on the point of leaving home than the phone rang
(Tam evden çıkıyordum ki telefon çaldı-dönüş olabilir)

On the brink of success: Başarmak üzere olmak, başarmanin eşiginde olmak.
To be on the verge of bankruptcy: Batışın(iflasın) eşiğinde olmak
-The firm was on tha verge of bankruptcy
go bankrupt: iflas etmek.

*Realized
Noticed
Regretted + (That-olmayabilir) + Past Perfect kullanılır.
Understood

* Direct-indirect speech’le Past perfect Simple Pastın bir derece pastı olarak kullanılır.

“He was hungry”
-He said that he had been hungry.

To be about to: ....mek üzere olmak.

7- THE PAST PERFECT PROGRASSİVE TENSE
Had+ been+Ving
-When she came yesterday, I had been studying for hours
-When she comes tomorruw, I will have been studying for hours

FUTURE TENSES

1- SİMPLE FUTURE
Will Vı
Won’t Vı(will not)

Anlamları

a) Simple Future

-I will go to England tomorrow
Nex week
İn 2004
İn five years’ time
Two months later

b) Spontaneous Decisrons(O anda karar verilen olaylar, anlık karar)
I will have chicken with mushrooms, please
(Menüye bakıp o anda ne yiyileceğine karar veriliyor)

c) Predictions(% 50)........Tahmin, sallama tahmin
-it will probably rain tomorrow(desteksiz atma)
=it is likely to rain tomorrow
=it is likely that it will rain tomorrow
=it looks like rain tomorrow

d) Request (Ricalar)
-Will you open the window(camı açar mısın)
e) Promisess (söz verme)
-Could you lend me ten million. I will pay you back tomorrow . I promise
-He promissed that he wouldn’t do(not do) it again.
f) Threaths (Tehditler)
-Don’t move, or I’ll shoot!(kıbırdama, yoksa ateş ederim.)
- İf you touch her, I’ll kill you!

g) Voluntering(Gönüllü olmak)
I’ll help you (yardım edeyim)
The phone rings, I’ll answer it
h) Think
Suppose
Hope
Expect
Anticipate + (that) will + Vı
(Zamansal olarak bu fiillerden sonra kullanılır
Assume
Predict
Believe

İT İS EXPECTED THAT KALIBI

NOT: -İt is expected that the rate of inflation will go down soon
-İt has been expected that the rate of inflation will go down soon

-İt was expected that the rate of inflation would go down soon
-İt had been expected that the rate of inflation would go down soon.

2 “GOİNG TO” (NEAR FUTURE) TENSE

Anlamları
a) Near Future
-He has a pen his hand. He is going to write a letter.
-There is going to be storm soon
b)Pre-arrangements(daha önceden planlanan işler)

-He saved 10.000 dollar. He is going to buy a car
-He bought some paint. He is going to paint his living room tonight.

c) Predictions based on evidence (%90) tahmin

(Sağlam delillere dayanarak yapılan tahmin)

(Black clouds above), İt is going to rain

d) Resolutions(ciddi, kesin karar)

-I am going to pass the test(mutlaka, kararlıyım)

3- PRESENT PROGRASSİVE AS PERSONAL PLANS(KİŞİSEL PLANLAR)

Şimdiki zaman gelecek zaman anlamInda kullanılır.. Cümle sonunda gelecek zaman zarfI bulunmalıdır.

-I am planning to go to Bodrum next week
-He is seeing his uncle tomorrow
-I am going to a concert on monday

4-THE SİMPLE PRESENT AS FİXED SCHEDULES
Daha önceden belirlenen sabit program varsa gelecek zaman anlamında geniş zaman kullanılır.
-The exam starts at 9.00 tomorrow.

5- “TO BE TO”

Vı

HAVE V3

---S + (am,is,are) +TO Vı

+TO HAVE V3

Anlamları

a)Future

-Ecevit is to visit Germany, tomorrow(gidecek)
(özellikle medya haberlerinde kullanılır.)

b) Orders, insmantions, imperatime (Emirler

(Captain to servant..çavuş) “ You are to quard this area tonight.”

(bu gece bu bölgeyi sen koruyacaksın)

NOT: Dört numaralı geniş zaman dışındaki diğer dört gelecek zamanın bir derece pastı planda değişiklik, aksilik, terslik(Yapacaktım ama olmadı) şeklindedir.

-I would buy
-I was going to buy + a car + -but now I find I can’t
-I was buying -but I couldn’t get the logn from the bank
-I was to have bought

6- FUTURE PROGRASSİVE TENSE (-YOR OLACAK)

WİLL BE Ving

-I will be teaching at this time tomorrow
nex week
nex month
nex year

7-FUTURE PERFECT (-MIŞ OLACAK)

WİLL HAVE V3

-By 2004 I will have completed the project (2004’e kadar)
-By tomorrow
-By the end of month

By the time +Simple present + Future Perfect
Present Perfect

*Future by then future perfect

-She will come at six by then I will have finished my work.

Examp:

-I will have finished my worked by eleven o’clock.

a) for b) since c) by d) untill e) as soon as

Until: ....e kadar (Olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.)
By: ........e kadar (Olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır.)

8- THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRASSİVE TENSE
WİLL HAVE BEEN Ving

When she comes tomorrow, I will have been studying for five hours.
(Yarın siz geldiğinizde 5 sattir çalışıyor olacağım.)

9- “DUE”Anlamları

a) The Cheque is due on Monday (Vade gösterir)
b) Due to the fog,the flights have been cancelled(Neden-sebep)
(Sis nedeniyle uçuşlar iptal edildi.)
c) The book was two weeks overdue (gecikmeyi gösterir.)
(kitap iki hafta gecikti.)
d)The bridge is due to be completed in four years(gelecek zaman gösterir.)
(Köprü dört yıl içinde bitirilmiş olacak.)

TIME CLAUSE IN THE FUTURE
(GELECEK ZAMAN COMPLEX CÜMLE)

Time Clause:
Simple present. Yoksa ya da uymuyorsa present perfect; süreklilik gösteriyorsa(While, as, just as...) present prograssive olur.

Main Clause:

Will + Vı
Will be Ving
Will have V3
Will have been Ving
Am, is , are +going to Vı

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:40 PM

MODALS

Must Vı
Have to Vı
Can Vı
May Vı
Should Vı

Olur.

-When she comes in tomorrow, I will leave

Not: Comes yerine has come da gelebilir.
-I will be sleeping (sleep) While you are working (work) tomorrow.

Keep
Keep on
Carry on Ving (Bir şey yapmayı sürdürmek)
Continue

Stop
Cease Ving (Bir şey yapmayı durdurmak)

To be dissmissed
To be fired Kovulmak
To be sacked
To be mad redundant

Whenever: Ne zaman olsa (geniş zaman)

I would invite: Davet edecektim

I would have invited: Davet ederdim.

Stop to do: bir şey yapmak için durmak

To make progress: aşama kaydetmek

ACTİVE AND PASSİVE

1-THE ACTİVE VOİCE (ETKEN)

S + V + O

-I am writing a book

2- THE PASSİVE VOİCE (EDİLGEN)

O + BE’nin uyarlanmış hali + V3 (+ by + S)

-A book is being writen by I

Examp:
He got lost Yesterday(passive cümle)

a) Lose b) Lost c) Was losing d) Had lost e) Got lost
Not: Be +V3’ün alternatifi got V3’tür.
Examp:
The patient will be given the medicine tomorrow
a) Will give b) would give c) are giving d) will be given e) will have given

Examp:
An accident happened yesterday
a) happened b) was happened c) had happened d)was happenning e) would happen

*Happened: olmak, vukubulmak

NOT: İngilizce’de geçişsiz fiillerin passive’i yoktur. Bu fiiller şunlardır:
Work, stay, die, belong, arrive, agree, happen, accured, take place, shinie, exist, rain, snow.

Cümlenin nesnesi yoksa passive’i de yoktur.

* İnvolve(Ving veya Noun) = Require(Ving veya Noun)

=call for(Ving veya Noun)= Gerektirmek.

-Passing in the test involves studying hard
(Sınavı geçmek çok çalışmayı gerektirir.)

*To be İnvolve in (Ving veya Noun)= Bir olaya karışmak.

-He was involved in the murder(cinayete karıştı)

FİİLDEN SIFAT YAPMA

NOT: İngilizce’de bir fiilden iki şekilde sıfat yapılır:

a) Active adjective(etken)...... Ving
*boring: sıkıcı
*A boring book: Sıkıcı bir kitap
*boring people:sıkıcı insanlar

b) Passive adjective(edilgen)........V3

*Spoken English: Konuşulan Ingilizce
*Bored people: Sıkılmış insan

NOT: İngilizce’de genellikle cansız isimler aktif sıfat alırlar(Ving)

* a bored film.......... A boring film(sıkıcı bir film)

*Completely
Thoroughly
Wholly
Utterly =Tamamen
Totally
Entering

EDİLGEN YAPMA

*Breaks...................................is broken
*İs breaking............................is being broken
*Broke.....................................was broken
*Was breaking.......................was being broken
*Has broken...........................has been broken
*had broken...........................had been broken
*will break..............................will be broken
*would break..........................would be broken

Be acquainted with: tanıdık olmak
Be bored with/by: canı sıkılmış
Be broken: bozulmuş
Be closed: kapalı
Be composed of: sakin
Be crowded with: kalabalık
Be devoted to : adanmak
Be disappointed(in, with): hayal kırıklığına uğramış
Be divorced from: boşanmiş
Be done(with): bitirmek
Be drunk on : sarhoş
Be engaged to: nişanlı olmak
Be excited about: heyecanlı
Be exhausted from: bitkin
Be finished with: bitmiş
Be frightened (of,by) korkmuş
Be gone from: geçmiş, ölmüş.
Be hurt: incinmek, kırılmak
Be interested in: ilgilenmek
Be involved in : karışmak
Be located in, south of: tam yeri,yer almak
Be lost: kayıp
Be made of: den yapılma
Be married to: evli
Be opposet to karşı çıkmak, itiraz etmek
Be pleased with: memnun
Be prepared for: hazırlanmak
Be qualified for: yeterli, kaliteli
Be related to: ilgili olmak
Be satisfied with: razı, memnun olmak
Be scared (of, by) ödü kopmak. Korkak.
Be shut: kapalı
Be spoiled: yiyecek bozulmak, çürük çıkmak.
Be tired (of, from) yorgun
Be worried about: üzüntülü

By
By means of
Through = tarafından, ile, aracılığıyla
By way of
(in terms of)

Not: Bu kelimelerle biten cümleler passive’dir.
Figure out: anlamak

Examp:
They were married by the captain of the ship
a) Were married b) were marrying c) were married withd) were married to e) were married by

Not: Tarafından anlamı varsa by seçilir. Yoksa kendi proposition’u seçilir. Burada “onlar(karı-koca) gemi kaptanı tarafından evlendirildi.” Anlamı vardır.

*turn
shange
transform into= Birşeyi başka bir şeye dönüştürmek.
Convert

CAUSED AND EFECT

*Alcohol may cause concer(active)
-Concer may be caused by alcohol(passive)

*Alcohol may bring about concer(active)
-Concer may be brought about by alcohol(passive)

Cause=bring about: neden olmak

*Alcohol may lead to concer(yol açabilir)
Bu cümlenin passive ‘i yoktur.

Lead to: yol açmak

*alcohol may give way to concer
(Bu cümlenin de passive’ i yoktur.

*Alcohol may result in concer(Alkol kanserle sonuçlanabilir)
-Concer may result from alcohol(Kanser alkolden kaynaklanabilir.)

Not: Result’ın passive’i in propositionu yerine from getirilerek yapılır.

Result from: ....den kaynaklanmak
Result in: ....ile sonuçlanmak

Make smb .... do smt: Birine bir şey yaptırmak

-My father made me study(active)
-I was made to study(passive)

Kural: Eğer kendi proposition’u varsa o, yoksa iki fiil arasına to konulur.

Let smb....do smt=allow smb....to do smt= için izin vermek

Kural: let cümle ortasındaysa let yerine allow kullanılır.

-Şhe let me smoke
-I was allowed to smoke(passive)

-Let the workers do the job(bırakın işçiler işi yapsın..active)
-Let the job be done(bırakın iş yapılsın)...passive

Kural: Let baştaysa passive’i vardır.

**see
watch + smb(smt) +do(doing)
hear

-I saw her dancing (bir kısmını gördüm)
-She was seen dancing (passive)

-I saw her dance(tümünü gördüm)
-She was seen to dance(passive)

**People say
-They said
allege
alleged
think
though
acknowledge
assume
belive
claim
consider
declare
estinate That....................................(Söyleniyor)
expect
fear
feel
find
know
Project
Prove
Report
Suppose
Suspect
Think
understand

*People say that he killed his wife
Bu cümlenin iki tür passive’i yapılır.
1- İt is said that he killed his wife(Öldürdüğü söyleniyor)
2- He is said to have killed his wife(Öldürmüş oldugu söyleniyor)
-His wife is said to have been killed (Öldürülmüş oldugu söyleniyor)

**Kartalizma** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:41 PM

Allah razı olsun harika paylaşım Wink

**Qbra** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:46 PM

ay sevim ablam canım ya ne kadar yorulmuştur Allah bilir Sad

tşk ablacım rosegul

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:48 PM

şişşşt kaynak yapmayın bakiim kahkaha

daha çoookk devam edicem durun iki dakika... karizm

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:51 PM

INFINITIVES

NOT: Cümle present, future ya da zaman farkı yoksa “TO Vı(to do)”
Passive’i “to be V3(to be done)” ; Zaman farkı varsa ve past ise :
active’i “ To have V3(To have done), passive’i “To have been V3(To have been done); Prograssive ise “To be Ving”(to be doing)” Present prograssive “to have been Ving(to have been doing)”

Present Prograssive’in zamansal olarak da infinitives olarak da passive’i yoktur. Prograssive’in zamansal olarak passive’i var infinitives olarak passive’i yoktur.

ACTİVE

PAST (zaman farkı gösterir) PRESENT / FUTURE
to have V3 to V1
to have done to do

PASSİVE

PAST (zaman farkı gösterir) PRESENT / FUTURE
to have been V3 to be V1
to have been done to be do

PROGRASİVE = to be Ving
PERFEC PROGRASİVE = to have been Ving

BAKILMASI GEREKEN ŞEYLER:

1. Aktif mi, pasif mi?
2. Zaman farkı var mı?
3. Devam ediyor mu? (prograsive mi)

-He seems to be sleeping now(present progressive)
-He seems to have been sleeping four hours(Present perfect progr.)

-They thought that he killed his wife
-İt was said he killed his wife
-He was thought to have killed his wife
-His wife was thought to have been killed

-People ellege that he was leading in london at the time
-İt is elleged that he was leading in London at the time
-He is elleged to have been leading in London at the time

-They believe that he is living in London
-İt is believed that he is living in London
-He is believed to be living in London
-They didn’t do anything(Onlar hiçbirşey yapmadi)
-Nothing was done(hiçbirşey yapilmadi)
-I haven’t seen anybody
-Nobody have been seen
***Tansu Çiller was the first woman to become the prime minister

*** Case-fire
truce ateşkes
armictice

***turn out (to be)
Prove( to be) + adjective = Beklentinin tersi çıkmak

-The test turn out to be difficult (test zor çıktı)
Contrary to our expeetations
-The new secretary proved to be quite singlehanded(becerikli çıktı.)

*Language is an acquired habit(Dil sonradan kazanılan bir alışkanlıktır.)

put off: post pone: Ertelemek
Call off=cancel: iptal etmek, vazgeçmek

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:55 PM

MODALS

MUST......MUST Vı (MELİ-MALI)

Anlamları

a)İnternal obligation(içsel zorunluluk, gönüllü, kişisel)

-I am a good student. I must study

b)Orders, instructions, imperatives(emir)

-(Boss to the secretary) –You must work harder... üst alta emir
(superior to inferior)

c) İmmediately, right away, at once, urgently: Acil yapılması gerekenler

-İt must be done immediately

d) Kuvvetli tavsiye ve ısrar durumlarında

-You really must come to my party(muhakkak)
-You really must see the Topkapı Palace

HAVE TO,HAS TO......ZORUNDA OLMAK

Anlamları

a)External obligation(dışsal zorunluluk)

-I don’t like wearing a tie, but I have to.

b)The inferrior speaks(alt üste cevap veriyor)

(The secretary says) –I have to work harder

c) General Rulers(Genel Kurallar)

-When you go abroad you have to have a passport

*** Have to Vı Have got
Has to Vı = Need(s) to Vı= Has got + to Vı

“Yapmak Zorunda olmak”

**MUSTN’T Vı (Yasaklar)

-You mustn’t Vı=İt is Prohibited
Forbidden + to Vı= Öyle yapmak yasak

***Don’t Don’t
Doesn’t + have to Vı= Doesn’t + need to Vı=needn’t Vı

“Yapmanıza gerek yok. Yapmak zorunda değilsiniz.”

-There is no smoking sign. You mustn’t smoke

-He doesn’t have to do it now. He can do it tomorrow.
(Bugün yapmak zorunda değil. Yarın yapabilir.)

Kural: Have to ve has to’nun olumsuzu don’t have to ve doesn’t have to’dur.

**didn’t have
need + to Vı = Yapmasına gerek yoktu. O da yapmadı.

- - He didn’t come. İt wasn’t necessary.
- - He didn’t have to com(ya da he didn’t need to come)

**Needn’t have V3= Yapmasına gerek yokmuş. Bilmiyordu yaptı. Boşuna yaptı.
-He came . İt wasn’t necessary.
-He needn’t have come

Kural: İngilizce’de cansız birşeyin gereksinimini belirtirken genellikle
-Need(s) Ving
-Need(s) to be V3 kalıpları kullanılır.

-My car needs repearing
-My car needs to be repaired

OBLIGATION TABLOSU (Zorunluluk)

Present: Must Vı, have to Vı, has to Vı

Presen Perfect: Have had to Vı, has had to Vı

Past: Had to Vı

Past Perfect: had had to Vı

Future: must Vı, have to Vı, has to Vı

Future: Will have to Vı

Future Perfect: Will have had to Vı

Conditional Future(TYP II): Would have to Vı

Conditional Perfect(TYP III): Would have had to Vı

Examp:

“Şimdiye kadar iki KPDS sınavına girmek zorunda kaldım”
-I have had to take two KPDS tests , so far

“Annesi gelmeden çok önce temizliği bitirmek zorunda kalmıştı”
-Long before her mother came he had had to finish the cleaning.

“Senin yerinde olsam onu ziyaret etmek zorunda kalırdım”
-İf I were you I would have to visit her.

ABILITY (Yetenek (yapabilmek)) TABLOSU

Past Perfect: had been able to Vı

Past: Could Vı, was able to Vı, Were able to Vı

Present Perfect: Have been able to Vı, has been able to Vı

Present: Can Vı, am able to Vı, is able to Vı, are able to Vı

Future: Can vı, (am,is are) able to Vı

Future: Will be able to Vı

Future Perfect: will have been able to Vı

Conditional Future(TYP II): Would be able to Vı

Conditional Perfect(TYP III): Would have been able to Vı

Kural: Eylem zorlukla yapılıyorsa can veya could yerine
(am-is-are ya da was-were) able to kullanılır.

Kural: Bu iki tablo dışında bir modal’ın genelde iki toplamda 4 hali vardır:

1- 1- ..........................Vı(present/future)
2- 2- .........................have V3(past)
3- 3- .........................Be Ving (Progresive)
4- 4- .........................Have been Ving(Perfect progresive)

Examp:

-We hurt the old lady. We shouldn’t have loughted at her yesterday.

-He drove all night yesterday. He must be sleeping now
(büyük ihtimalle uyuyor olmalı)

- We drove all night yesterday. He must have been sleeping four hours.

Kural: Bir modal sorusu yapılırken:
a) a) active mi passive mi
b) b) hangi zaman
c) c) hangi modal sıralamasına dikkat edilmeli.

PROPABLITY (Olasılık)

a) a) %50 olasılık

-İt may rain tomorrow
might
could
(can)....Diğer üçü yoksa kullanılır.

A: Did he go yesterday?
B: I don’t know. He may have gone(gitmiş olabilir)
(% 50)

%50 olasılığı şu ifadelerden anlarız.

-I don’t know
-I am not sure
-There is no certain plan but....
-İt is not definite but.... gibi açıklamalardan anlarız.

-Could have V3: Geçmişte yapılabilinecekken yapılmayan işleri gösterir.

A: I was so bored yesterday. I didn’t know what to do.
B: You could have called me I was bored and available
(arayabilirdin.aramadın)

-Couldn’t have V3: Geçmişte imkansızlık gösterir.

A: Why didn’t you call me yesterday?
B: I couldn’t have called you anyway; for I lost my mobile phone and
I didn’t have any money with me.

Kural: Noktalı virgülden sonra gelen for çünkü anlamındadır.

b) b) %90 olasılık(Must)

-He is wearing a kolex, he must be rich.
-She was so ill yesterday. She musn’t have gone to school

Kural: Yukarıdaki cümlenin olumsuzunda %90 ihtimali anlatan musn’t yerine Can’t kullanılabilir. Olumlusunda kullanılamaz.

Kural: %90 ihtimali ya yıpılan bir açıklamadan ya da ;
-since
-because kelimelerinin varlığından anlarız.
-as
Presumably: Büyük ihtimalle (%90)

SHOULD(N’T) Vı = OUGHT (NOT) TO Vı = (MELİ, MALI)

Anlamları

a)Advice(tavsiye-öğüt)

-You should study more

b) Criticism(eleştiri)

-I think Ecevit should be more active
-Cem Özer shouldn’t talk too much

c)mild obligation(yumuşak zorunluluk)

-I should be going now(eh bana müsaade yavaş yavaş gideyim)

Should(n’t) have V3
=Ought(not) to have V3
=(was,were)+ supposed to Vı(ya da Have V3)
(Be)

Kural: Geçmişte yapılması gerekirken bir iş yapılmadıysa ya da tersi yapılmaması gereken iş yapıldıysa bunu yukarıdaki kalıplarla anlatırız.
Bu durum Could have V3 ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Orada yapılınabilecekken yapılmayan eylem, burada ise yapılması ya da yapılmaması gerekirken yapılan eylemler sözkonusudur.

HAD BETTER (NOT) Vı
-se daha iyi olur, yoksa kötü olur

Not: Had better’ı teşhis etmenin iki yolu vardır.

a) a) We had better hurry othervise(or, or else) will be late(kırmızı yazılı kelimeler varsa had better kullanılır.

b) b) He is ill. He should see a doctor

-He is very ill. He’d better see a doctor immediately.

(vurgulu anlatımlarda şıklarda should yoksa ki ikisi birarada olmaz. Had better’ı bakarız.)

Kural: Had better’ın pastı had better have V3’tür.

Vı
BE SUPPOSED TO have V3

(Am,İs,Are-was,were)

Anlamları

a)should
b)gerekmek
c)beklemek

-You are supposed to study
-Ders çalışmalısınız
-Ders çalışmanız gerekiyor
-Ders çalışmanız beklenmektedir.

SUGGESTIONS (ÖNERİLER)

1-Let’s go to cinema (,shall we?) (parantezde yapalım mı şeklinde soru olur.

2- Shal we go to the cinema(sinemaya gidelim mi)

3- Why don’t we go to the cinema(Sinemaya gidelim mi)

4-What about going to the cinema(sinemaya gitmeye ne dersin)

5-How about going to the cinema

6-We could go to the cinema(sinemaya gidebiliriz.)

7-(ikinci bir öneri söylenirken): we may as well go to the cinema

8-(ikinci bir öneri söylenirken): we might as well go to the cinema
(Sinemaya da gidebiliriz.)

Kural: 1,2,3’ün cevapları:
1-OK
2-WELL
3-WHY DON’T PLAY BASKETBALL İNSTEAD(Onun yerine neden basketbol aynamıyoruz.)

OFFERS (TEKLİFLER)

Shall I
Can I + Vı................?
Would you like me to

- Shall I help you?
- Can I help you? (Yardımcı olamayı teklif etmek.)
- Would you like me to help?

REQUESTS (RİCALAR)

Would
Could + You Vı.............. ?
Will
(can)...kabalık

**Nizam-ül Mülk** · 08-07-2008, Saat:07:58 PM

INVITATIONS (DAVET)

-Would you like to Vı.....?
-Would you care to Vı....?
-Would you fancy to Vı.....?

USED TO Vı= Past Habits
(eskiden yapardım , şimdi yapmıyorum)

-We used to smoke, but I don’t (eskiden sigara içerdim.)
-I didn’t use to smoke (içmezdim)
-Did you use to smoke (içer miydin)

Kural: “used to” şıklarda yoksa aynı anlama gelen Would Vı aranmalıdır.

Kural: sadece geçmiş zamanda kullanılır.

GET USED TO(e, a, ya) NOUN(veya Ving)

Kural: Bir şey yapmaya alışmak. Get herhangi bir zaman uyarlanabilir. Ama Used to uyarlanamaz. Sadece geçmiş zaman olarak kullanılır.

-“İstanbul’da hızlı araba kullanmaya alışacağım”
-I will get used to driving fast İn İstanbul

BE USED TO NOUN(ya da Ving)
=BE ACCUSTOMED TO NOUN(ya da Ving)
=alışkın olmak

-İstanbul’da araba kullanmaya alışkınım”
-I am used to driving in İstanbul

ASKİNG FOR PERMİSSİON (İZİN İSTEME)

1-Would you mind if I S V2?
2-Do you midn if I Vı
3-Could you lend me your car for half an hour?
4-Could I possibbly borrow your car for half an hour?
5-May I ............Vı?
6-(Can I ...........Vı)?

GIVING PERMISSION (İZİN VERME)

(Yukarıdakilerin cevapları)
1-Not at all(yapın,sakıncası yok)
2-Go ahead(yapın)
3-Yes, you can.
4-Yes, of course. Here are the keys
5-Yes, you may
6-(Yes you can)

REFUSİNG PERMİSSİON(REDDETME)
(yukarıdakilerin reddedilme şekli)

1- I’d rather you didn’t(V2)
2-No, you can’t(kabaca)
3-I am sorry. I need it myself
4-No, you may not
5-(no, you can’t)

Do
Would + you mind Ving(sizin yapmanızda bir sakınca var mı)

PREFERENCE (TERCİHLER)

*I’d rather
I’d sooner + have tea than coffee.(çayı kahveye tercih ederim)

*I prefer tea to coffee (Prefer....to...alır)

I prefer to be right than president (prefer to be....than alır)

I like tea better than coffee (like ...better than alır.)

(kırmızı sözcükler fiildirler)

DARE(N’T) Vı: (cesaret etmek)

-How dare you? Buna nasıl cesaret edersin?
-I dare say that........(Bence , demek istediğim şu ki)

DARE TO Vı(fiil)

-he dared to challenge the natorious gunfigy(Ünlü kabadayıya kafa tutmaya cesaret etti.)

İF CLAUSE

TYP I

İf + S+ PRESENT S + (may,will, can) + V1
İF + S+ CAN V1 İmperative (Vı/don’t Vı)
İF+ S+ SHOULD V1 + S + Have to,has to + Vı
SHOULD S V1 S + had better
Would rather
Would sooner
Should vs..

TYP II (should kullanılmaz)

İf + S. Past S+ would,could, might + Vı
İF S COULD Vı +

**İf I were you = were I you (senin yerinde olsam)

*İf he were to go(to have gone) = Were he to go (to have gone)
“Eğer gidecek olsa”

*Were it done = İf it were done
“Eğer o yapılsa”

TYP III

İF + S + HAD V3
İF S HAD BEEN Ving
İF S SHOULD HAVE V3
İF S COULD HAVE V3 + S + (Would, could, might) + have V3
HAD S V3
HAD S BEEN Ving
SHOUL S HAVE V3

Examp:

Should he do = if he does

Were he to do = it typ ıı

Were it done (type-ıı)

Had he done it (type ııı)

Had he have done it

Should he have done it (eğer o yapsaydı)

Get to Vı: Zorluk gösterir. Was able to gibi.

Happen to Vı = by chance = tesadüf gösterir.

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